A Level Product Design
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Design and Technology KS

Pre-Exam Session –
Paper 1: Technical Principles
1
Name the category for each material: Brass
MDF
ABS
brass – alloy/metal;
MDF – manufactured board;
ABS – thermoplastic
2
Give one advantage of CAD in designing products
Allows quick edits and accurate drawings
3
How many minutes should you allocate per mark on a 120-mark paper?
1–1.5 min per mark
Introduction & Objectives
Lesson Objectives:
  • Recap key technical knowledge across materials, processes, and modern manufacturing (AO4)
  • Describe exam structure & timings for Paper 1
  • Analyse model answers to understand top-mark strategies (AO3/AO4)
  • Practise exam-style questions with correct terminology
Your aim is:
Confident recall of technical principles and clear, structured answers using design and technology vocabulary.
Exam Command Words
Materials – Categories & Properties
Metals
Ferrous (contain iron – e.g. steel; strong but can rust, magnetic) vs Non-ferrous (no iron – e.g. aluminium; lightweight, corrosion-resistant) and Alloys (mixtures like brass, combining properties).
Woods
Hardwoods (from deciduous trees – e.g. oak; dense, durable) vs Softwoods (from conifers – e.g. pine; faster-growing, more pliable) vs Manufactured Boards (e.g. MDF, plywood – engineered sheets, stable, use wood waste).
Polymers
Thermoplastics (soften when heated, remouldable – e.g. ABS, PET) vs Thermosets (set permanently, heat-resistant – e.g. epoxy resin) vs Elastomers (very elastic, stretch and return – e.g. silicone rubber).
Composites
Combination of materials for improved properties – e.g. GRP (glass fibre + resin, strong and lightweight), Carbon fibre (extremely high strength-to-weight). Often used where single materials are insufficient.
Key Properties
Know terms like malleable (can be shaped), ductile (drawn into wire), tough (absorbs impact), hard (resists scratching),
brittle (breaks without much deformation), conductive (thermal/electrical transfer).
Smart & Modern Materials
Smart Materials
React to environmental stimuli.
Thermochromic pigments change colour with temperature (e.g. mood rings, kettle indicators).
Shape Memory Alloys (e.g. Nitinol) return to preset shape when heated (used in stents, glasses frames).
Piezoelectric material generates charge when stressed (sensors) or vibrates when charged (actuators).
Modern Materials
Recently developed or advanced materials.
Graphene (a single-atom-thick carbon sheet – extremely strong, conductive).
Nanomaterials (nanoparticles used for coatings, improved properties like antibacterial fabrics).
Biopolymers (biodegradable plastics from renewable sources).
Applications
Be ready to cite examples – e.g. Photochromic glass in sunglasses (darkens in sunlight), Electroluminescent film for flexible lighting, Kevlar (aramid fibre) in body armour for high toughness.
Why it matters: These materials often appear in questions asking for examples or benefits of new material tech in products.
Quick Check – Material Properties
Ensure you can match material properties to definitions. This understanding is frequently tested in short-answer questions.
Hinge Question
What property describes a metal's ability to be drawn into a wire without breaking?
Active Recall
List two smart materials and state what stimulus they respond to
Manufacturing Processes – Forming & Shaping
Polymers
Injection moulding
– for complex plastic parts in high volume (e.g. casings – look for ejection pin marks, sprue).
Blow moulding
– for hollow containers (bottles).
Vacuum forming
– for simple hollow shapes (packaging trays).
3D printing (Additive)
– for prototypes or custom parts (builds layer by layer).
Metals
Casting (molten metal poured into mould – good for complex shapes, e.g. engine parts).
Forging (shaping hot metal with force – toughens metal, e.g. crankshafts). Sheet forming: bending, stamping, pressing (for car body panels).
Machining – material removal via lathes, mills, drills (accurate but slower; CNC for automation).
Woods
Cutting & machining – saws, routers for shaping wood.
Turning – on a lathe (table legs).
Laminating – layering and gluing wood veneers to create curved forms (e.g. plywood chair backs).
Steam bending – using steam to make wood pliable for curves.
Adhesives & Fixings: e.g. PVA glue for wood joints, epoxy resin (two-part adhesive) for various materials, mechanical fixings like screws, nuts, bolts for disassembly.
Jigs & Fixtures: Used to ensure repeatability and accuracy in batch production (exam tip: referencing jigs/fixtures shows understanding of how identical parts are made efficiently).
Traditional Construction & Joining
Wood Joints
  • Butt joint (simple, weak)
  • Dowel joint (dowels reinforce butt joint)
  • Mortise and tenon (strong frame joint for chairs/tables)
  • Dovetail (interlocking joint for drawers – strong and decorative at corners)
  • Housing joint (shelf in a slot)
Recognise where each is used
(e.g. dovetail in drawer corners – 2023 Paper had a drawer diagram asking for joint names).
Metal Joining
  • Welding
    (melting base metals together – very strong, permanent, e.g. steel frames)
  • Brazing
    (brass filler, lower temp than welding, joins steel or dissimilar metals)
  • Soldering
    (lower temp, for electronics or plumbing, uses solder alloy)
  • Riveting
    (permanent mechanical fastening – used in metal sheets, e.g. aircraft)
  • Bolts/Screws
    (temporary or adjustable joins, allow disassembly)
Plastic Joining
  • Solvent cement
    (e.g. poly cement fuses thermoplastics like acrylic)
  • Mechanical fasteners
    (e.g. self-tapping screws in plastics)
  • Plastic welding
    (melting plastic along a seam)
Exam tip: If asked about how parts are joined, specify an appropriate method (e.g. "a steel bike frame's tubes are joined by TIG welding for strength"). Use correct terminology.
Modern Manufacturing & Digital Technology
CAD/CAM
Computer-Aided Design (precise 3D modelling with software like Fusion 360) linked to Computer-Aided Manufacture (CNC machines directly use digital files). Advantages: accuracy, repeatability, complex designs possible.
Rapid Prototyping
3D printing (FDM uses layered thermoplastic filament; SLA uses UV-cured resin for higher detail). Selective Laser Sintering fuses powdered materials for stronger parts. Used for quick iteration and testing.
Computation
CIM systems connect design data to production planning, inventory management, and quality control. Example: automotive manufacturing where robots, materials handling, and testing are coordinated by central systems.
Automation & Robotics
Industrial robots perform repetitive tasks (e.g., welding, assembly, painting) in environments like car manufacturing. Benefits: 24/7 operation, consistency, reduced labour costs, improved safety in hazardous operations.
Digital Design
Virtual testing simulates real-world conditions (e.g., FEA for stress analysis, CFD for airflow). Virtual/Augmented Reality allows designers to experience products before physical manufacture. Reduces costly prototype iterations.
Exam tip: When discussing manufacturing processes, always link to specific products and explain advantages over traditional methods (e.g., complex geometries possible with 3D printing that couldn't be machined conventionally).
Case Study: Dark Factories
Industrial Practices & Scales of Production
One-off Production
Single, unique products (e.g. custom furniture, prototypes). Requires skilled labour, high per-unit cost, flexible processes.
Quality focus is high for the one product.
Batch Production
Set number of items (tens, hundreds or thousands). Uses jigs, moulds, or templates to ensure consistency within the batch.
Machinery might be reconfigured between batches (downtime). Example: seasonal furniture or limited edition products.
Mass Production
High volume, often assembly line approach (thousands to millions of units). Specialised machinery or moulds (injection moulds, stamping presses).
Workers or robots perform specific tasks repetitively. Initial setup costly but unit cost is low. Example: smartphones, cars (with assembly line subdivided into stations).
Continuous Production
Non-stop 24/7 production, typically for commodities (e.g. chemicals, paper, glass).
Highly automated, requires minimal human intervention; any stoppage is costly. Ensures huge output (e.g. million metres of paper roll).
Efficient Use of Materials: Important in all scales – e.g. nesting shapes to minimise waste when cutting, using standard stock sizes, recycling scrap in-process. Lean manufacturing and Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory (materials arrive as needed) are employed to cut waste and cost.
Sub-assembly: Manufacture of components in separate units which are later assembled into final product (e.g. car door sub-assemblies). Allows parallel production and quality focus on each module.
Design Factors – Environment & Safety
Sustainability
Design for a product's life cycle. Consider materials (use recycled or renewable resources where possible), energy use in production and use, and end-of-life (is it recyclable or biodegradable?)
Design for Disassembly
Make products easier to take apart for repair, upgrade, or recycling (e.g. using screws instead of glue, clearly labelled materials)
Maintenance/Repair
Products can be designed with modular parts that can be replaced (e.g. replaceable battery or filters)
Safe Working Practices
In manufacturing, ensure proper training, use of PPE (safety goggles, gloves), machine guards, and adherence to regulations
Product Safety (Consumer): Compliance with safety standards (e.g. BSI Kitemark, CE/UKCA marking) – products must be safe to use. Include safety features in design (e.g. child-resistant locks on packaging, electrical products with insulation and proper ventilation to prevent overheating).
Inclusive Design & Ergonomics: Ensure products are usable by people with varying abilities. E.g. clear instructions with symbols, adjustable features, consideration for left-handed users, large handles for better grip. Ergonomics and anthropometric data ensure comfort and fit (e.g. a chair adjustable in height to fit 5th–95th percentile of users).
Protecting Designs
Intellectual Property
Patents
Protect new inventions or functional processes/products. Gives 20-year exclusive rights if granted. Designers file patents to prevent others from making or selling the same functional idea (e.g. a new mechanism). Need to be novel and non-obvious.
Copyright
Automatic right for original works (literature, art, music, also design drawings). It prevents copying of the expression of ideas (lasts typically 70 years after author's death for artworks). In D&T, things like design sketches, logos, and artwork are covered by copyright without registration.
Trademarks
Protect brand names, logos, slogans (e.g. the Nike "swoosh" or name). Must be registered to get ® symbol (™ can be used for unregistered claim). Important for product branding and to avoid consumer confusion.
Registered Design
Protects the aesthetic look/appearance of a product (shape, pattern, ornamentation) for up to 25 years. Prevents knock-offs copying the look of your design while not copying functionality (complements patents).
Why IP matters: Expect at least a short question on why designers or companies secure IP – e.g. to safeguard profits, encourage innovation by protecting investment, and ensure recognition. Also be aware of terms like Open source vs Licensed design in context of sharing designs.
Exam Structure & Timing (Paper 1)
1
Format
2 hours 30 mins exam, 120 marks total. All questions are compulsory (no choice). A mix of short-answer and a few extended-response questions.
2
Time Management
~150 minutes for 120 marks → plan roughly 1 minute per mark as a starting point. For example, a 2-mark question ~2 minutes, a 9-mark question ~9–10 minutes.
3
Recommended Order
Tackle in order given (questions are designed to get progressively more in-depth). If you get stuck on a question, leave space and return later – but ensure you at least attempt everything.
Check the marks: The number of marks is a clue to the expected length/detail. E.g. [1 mark] = a keyword or phrase; [4 marks] = likely two distinct points explained (or four brief facts). Align the detail of your answer to the mark value.
Show Working for Calculations: If a question involves math (e.g. calculating material quantities, cost or dimensions), write down formulae and steps – method marks can be awarded even if the final answer has a small error.
Answering Short vs Extended Questions
1
1–2 Mark Questions
Usually recall of facts/definitions or naming something. Keep it concise and exact. Example: Q: "Name a suitable finish for a wooden table." A: "Polyurethane varnish." Avoid adding irrelevant info that could confuse the examiner.
2
3–5 Mark Questions
Require a sentence or two of explanation. Use PE (Point + Explanation). Example: "Explain why aluminium is used for aircraft bodies (3 marks)." Answer: "Aluminium is used because it has a high strength-to-weight ratio (Point), meaning the plane's structure is strong without excessive weight (Explanation). It is also naturally corrosion-resistant, so it withstands weather exposure (Additional point/explanation)."
3
6+ Mark (Extended) Questions
These are often level-marked and test depth of understanding, analysis, and coherence. Structure your answer in paragraphs. For example, an 8-mark "Discuss" question could have an intro (reframe the question or state your stance), main body (2–3 paragraphs each covering a specific factor, benefit or drawback), and a short conclusion.
Use Technical Terms: Always use proper terminology learned (say "tensile strength" instead of "strength", "thermoplastic" instead of "plastic"). It shows precise understanding.
Avoid Vague Language: Words like "thing", "stuff", "nice, good, bad" should be replaced with specific descriptors (e.g. "the mechanism", "material properties", "aesthetically pleasing design", "poor durability"). Quality of written communication is important – it doesn't need to be flowery, but clarity and precision are key.
Model Extended Response (Section of Paper 1)
Example Question
"Analyse and evaluate the suitability of using rotational moulding to manufacture a large hollow children's toy."
(6 marks)
Model Answer – Key Points
  • Process Description: Rotational moulding involves heating thermoplastic powder in a rotating mould so it coats the interior evenly. It produces hollow parts with uniform wall thickness.
  • Advantages (Suitability): Great for large hollow products – e.g. outdoor play equipment or toy houses – because it avoids seams and can create smooth, rounded shapes.
  • Limitations: Not ideal for fine details or threads – rotational moulding can't produce very intricate features (toys might need separate pieces for detail).
  • Evaluation: For a large hollow toy (like a plastic rocking horse or sand pit shell), rotational moulding is appropriate due to its ability to produce seamless hollow forms.
Why this would score high: The answer addresses both pros and cons (analysis) and ties them to the scenario (the children's toy). It uses correct terms (e.g. wall thickness, cycle time, seamless), and it gives a concluding judgement on suitability. In a 6-mark question, providing 3–4 well-explained points with balance is usually enough for full marks.
Mark Scheme Guidance
1
Understanding Mark Allocation
Many short questions (especially 2-4 marks) have specific answers expected – the mark scheme lists key phrases/points. Write only what's asked: if it says "Name one property…", just name one (the best you know).
2
"State/Give" Questions
Mark scheme looks for a specific term or fact. If the question is 1 mark, usually the first thing you write is taken as your answer – make it count.
3
Explanation Questions (usually 2–3 marks)
The mark scheme expects a point and an expansion. One correct point with a clear reason can often earn full marks.
4
Levels of Response (extended answers)
For 6+ mark questions, examiners use level descriptors. Top Level: comprehensive, well-structured response, specific knowledge with examples, addresses the command fully.
Tips to Hit Top Level: Include a range of points and detail. Wherever possible, quantify or exemplify your statements.
Relate answer back to the context or question stem frequently.
And if the command is evaluate/discuss, provide a concluding sentence that directly answers the question.
Avoid Common Pitfalls: Not answering the actual question (off-topic).
Listing bullet points with no explanation in extended response. Repeating the same point in different words.
Ensure each sentence contributes a new idea or piece of supporting evidence.
Key Revision Tips (Technical Content)
Core Knowledge
Ensure you can name and give uses for common materials (at least one metal, polymer, wood, composite, smart material). For each, recall a key property.
Practice Sketches
You might be asked to sketch or complete a diagram (for instance, draw a particular joint or circuit symbol). Practise quick, clear drawings: use a pencil and ruler for neatness, add labels.
Memorise Key Formulae & Units
While Paper 1 is mostly design/tech theory, basic math could appear. Know formulae like Ohm's Law, or how to calculate volume/area, density = mass/volume, etc., and always state units.
Use Past Questions for Practice
Re-answer in bullet form then check mark schemes. This builds confidence in phrasing answers as examiners expect.
Acronyms & Abbreviations: Learn ones commonly used: e.g. CAD, CAM, JIT, BSI, LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). If you use them, on first use write the full term (to show understanding).
Balance Breadth and Depth: Technical principles span wide content. It's better to have a solid grasp of all main areas than obsessing over extreme detail in one niche area.
Aesthetics Considerations
How products look and feel is crucial to their success in the marketplace.
Form & Function Balance
Products must balance visual appeal with practical usability. Consider how aesthetic choices affect ergonomics.
Colour Psychology
Colours evoke specific emotions and associations. Red suggests energy; blue conveys trust.
Surface Finish
Material textures contribute to perceived quality. Examiners look for understanding of finish selection reasoning.
Target Market Alignment
Aesthetics must match consumer expectations and preferences across different demographic groups.
Confidence & Exam Mindset
Stay Calm and Read Carefully
Often the battle is understanding exactly what each question wants. Underline key words in the question. Answer what is asked, not what you wish was asked.
If Unsure, Apply Logic
Use your design & tech knowledge to reason it out. For example, if you forget a name of a process, describe it – you might get partial credit.
Every Mark Counts
Attempt an answer for everything. Even a single correct phrase can net a mark or two on an extended question if you're short on time. Don't leave blanks – write something relevant.
Check if Time Permits
If you finish early, read through all your answers. Look for any unanswered parts, add any detail to low-mark answers, and correct obvious spelling of technical terms.
Positive Mindset: You've prepared thoroughly – trust your knowledge. Go in with confidence: "I know how to do this." If anxiety hits during a tough question, take a deep breath, and break the question down on scrap. You can do this!
Good Luck!
1
You have worked hard on mastering Technical Principles
Believe in your ability. 💪
2
Remember to use the correct terminology
Answer with precision and clarity. Quality is better than quantity – be clear and you will score well.
3
Your preparation will pay off
Stay focused, manage your time, and let your knowledge shine. Good luck – you've got this! 🎉
Pre-Exam Briefing –
Paper 1:
Technical Principles
Objective
To reinforce key exam details, timings, and strategies for Paper 1.
Recap command words and ensure you're ready to tackle all question types with confidence.
Mindset
This is a final check-in. You know the content – now it's about executing well under exam conditions.
Keep calm and methodical.
Exam Reminders for Paper 1
Duration & Marks
2 hours 30 minutes, 120 marks (30% of A-level).
All questions compulsory – covering the entire Technical Principles content.
Question Format
Mixture of short answer (from 1-mark up to 4-mark questions) and a few extended response questions (6 to ~9 marks).
No separate sections; questions will be in a roughly logical order but can jump between topics (materials, processes, etc.).
Answering
Write answers in the spaces provided (in the exam booklet).
If you need extra space, there are additional pages – use them if needed, and label clearly with question number.
Equipment check
Black pen (plus spare), pencil for drawings/diagrams, ruler for straight edges, calculator (for any math).
Bring an eraser and sharpener – neat work can help, especially in diagrams or if you need to change an answer.
It's all about the command words
Likely Topic Areas (be ready to address)
Materials & Applications
e.g. identifying materials from a description, properties of materials, why a material is suitable for a given product. (Expect at least one question on material properties or categories.)
Manufacturing Processes
a question might ask "Which process is used to make this item?" or "Give one reason why process X is suitable for producing part Y." Also, reading a scenario and suggesting a process.
Design for X
Sometimes a question on environmental considerations or inclusive design – e.g. "Give two ways a designer can make a product more sustainable." or "Explain how anthropometric data is used in chair design."
Safety & Legal
Possibly a short question on health and safety ("Name a safety precaution when using machine Y") or on intellectual property ("Why would a company patent a new product?").
Quality Control/Assurance: e.g. "What is the purpose of quality control in manufacturing?" or "Describe one quality check in PCB production."
Maths/Science Application: perhaps a small calculation (area for material, efficiency, ratio) or interpreting data (like reading values from a graph of material properties). These are usually straightforward if you apply the right formula or reasoning.
Pro Tip: If a question scenario sounds like something you saw in coursework or class experiments (e.g. testing tensile strength, or using CAD/CAM), draw on that experience in your answer. Real examples can earn credit if relevant.
1️⃣
Raw Extraction
Obtaining materials from the Earth and living sources
  • ⛏️ Mining – Metals, Minerals
  • 🌲 Forestry – Timber
  • 🌾 Harvesting – Cotton, Wool
  • 🛢️ Oil Drilling – Crude oil for Polymers
👉 Nature's raw bounty, ready for transformation.
2️⃣
Primary Processing
Turning raw materials into usable formats
  • 🔥 Metal Smelting – Ores → Metals
  • 🌬️ Timber Seasoning – Green wood → Stable timber
  • 🧪 Polymerisation – Monomers → Plastics
  • 🧵 Fibre Spinning – Fibres → Threads
👉 Nature gets an upgrade – science steps in.
3️⃣
Stock Forms
Standardised material shapes ready for manufacture
  • 🔩 Metals – Sheets, Rods, Tubes
  • 🪵 Timber – Boards, Planks
  • 🧊 Plastics – Pellets, Sheets
  • 🧶 Textiles – Yarn, Fabric Rolls
Working with Materials: Vacuum Forming
Prepare plastic sheet
Select appropriate thermoplastic sheet (typically 1-3mm thick). Common materials include HIPS, acrylic, or PET. The sheet must be large enough to cover the mould completely.
Heat plastic until pliable
Place sheet in heating frame and warm until soft and flexible. This typically takes 1-3 minutes depending on material thickness. The plastic should sag slightly when ready.
Lower onto mould
Quickly position softened plastic over the mould on the vacuum forming table. Ensure the sheet covers the entire mould surface and perforated table area.
Apply vacuum
Activate vacuum to remove air between plastic and mould, forcing the sheet to take the exact shape of the mould. Hold vacuum until plastic cools and solidifies.
Remove and trim
Once cooled, remove formed plastic from the mould and trim excess material using appropriate cutting tools. Finish edges as required for the final product.
Working with Materials: Safety Considerations
COSHH Regulations
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations govern safe handling of chemicals and materials. Teachers must maintain safety data sheets for all workshop substances and ensure proper storage, handling and disposal practices.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Appropriate safety gear must be worn for specific operations. This includes eye protection for machinery work, dust masks for sawing operations, heat-resistant gloves for hot materials, and aprons to protect clothing from chemicals and processes.
Risk Assessment
Formal documentation identifying potential hazards, who might be harmed, existing controls, and additional measures needed. Risk assessments should be completed before introducing new processes or materials and reviewed regularly.
Safe Working Practices
Established procedures for specific tools and processes. These include machine guarding, correct tool selection, proper material handling, clear workspace maintenance, and emergency procedures including location of first aid and fire equipment.
Stock Forms, Types & Sizes
When specifying materials for manufacturing, designers must consider available stock forms to minimise processing and waste. For example, selecting standard timber sections that require minimal machining can significantly reduce production time and cost while improving sustainability.
Timber
Plank, board, sheet, dowel, square section
Planks: 25×100mm to 75×225mm Sheet: 1220×2440mm (plywood, MDF)
Sold by cross-sectional size and length. Consider grain direction for strength.
Metals
Sheet, plate, bar, rod, tube, angle
Sheets: 1×2m, 2×4m Bar stock: 1-6m lengths
Thickness measured in gauge or mm. Temperature affects size (expansion/contraction).
Polymers
Sheet, rod, tube, film, powder, pellets
Acrylic sheet: 1×2m, 3×2m Thicknesses: 1-10mm typically
Some forms allow for reduced machining. Consider minimum order quantities for cost-effectiveness.
Paper/Board
Roll, sheet, corrugated sheet
A-sizes (A4: 210×297mm) GSM (80-400gsm typically)
Measured in gsm (grams per square metre). Consider grain direction for folding.
Specialist Process: Injection Moulding
Prepare Polymer
Plastic granules loaded into hopper. May include colorants or other additives to modify material properties.
Heat Material
Granules fed through heated barrel. The rotating screw moves material forward while heating to melting point (typically 200-300°C).
Inject into Mould
Molten polymer injected under high pressure (up to 2,000 bar) into closed mould cavity. Complete filling typically takes seconds.
Cooling Phase
Material solidifies in mould as it cools. Cooling channels in the mould circulate water to accelerate this process.
Ejection
Mould opens and ejector pins push solidified product out. Entire cycle typically takes 15-60 seconds depending on part size.
Injection moulding is ideal for complex plastic parts produced in high volumes. The high initial cost of metal moulds (often £10,000-£100,000) means this process is only economical for mass production. Parts feature excellent dimensional accuracy and can incorporate complex features like living hinges, threads, and textured surfaces.
Specialist Process: 3D Printing
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
Most common and affordable 3D printing technology. Works by extruding thermoplastic filament through a heated nozzle layer by layer. Materials include PLA, ABS, PETG, and specialty filaments.
Advantages: Low cost, wide material range
Limitations: Visible layer lines, moderate detail level, supports needed for overhangs
Stereolithography (SLA)
Uses a vat of liquid photopolymer resin that is selectively cured by a UV laser. Creates highly detailed parts with smooth surfaces. Common in jewellery, dental, and precise prototyping applications.
Advantages: Excellent detail, smooth surface finish
Limitations: More expensive, brittle materials, post-processing required
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Fuses powder materials (typically nylon) using a high-power laser. Creates functional parts without supports. Used for complex functional components and end-use parts.
Advantages: No supports needed, strong functional parts
Limitations: Expensive equipment, grainy surface finish, limited material options
3D printing allows for extreme customization and complex geometries impossible with traditional manufacturing. It's ideal for prototyping, low-volume production, and creating parts with internal structures. Students should understand both advantages (design freedom, rapid iteration) and limitations (material properties, production speed, surface finish).
Technical Terms Word Bank
Material Properties
  • malleable
  • ductile
  • tough
  • brittle
  • hardness
  • elastic
  • plastic (deformation)
  • conductive (electrical/thermal)
  • fusibility (low melting point, e.g. solder)
  • biodegradable
Process & Tools
  • casting
  • forging
  • extrusion
  • injection moulding
  • blow moulding
  • turning
  • milling
  • soldering
  • brazing
  • welding
  • 3D printing
  • laser cutting
  • jig
  • template
  • mould
  • CNC
  • tolerance (allowable error margin)
Design & Evaluation
  • ergonomic
  • anthropometric
  • sustainable
  • aesthetically pleasing
  • functionality
  • user-friendly
  • durable
  • reliable
  • high-quality
  • mass-produced
  • prototype
  • specification (as in design spec)
  • tolerance
  • quality assurance
  • compliance
Sprinkle these terms in your answers where relevant – it demonstrates a fluent grasp of D&T concepts.
(For instance, say "This component is ergonomically shaped for the user's hand" rather than "nicely shaped for the hand.")
Gallery
Last-Minute Tips for Paper 1
Read Carefully
Many mistakes come from misreading. Underline specifics: if it says "Give two reasons", make sure to provide two distinct reasons. If a material or product is mentioned, frame your answer around it.
Plan for Extended Answers
For 8- or 9-mark questions, take 1 minute to jot bullet points before writing. It will organise your thoughts. Then write, ensuring each bullet becomes a paragraph or a well-developed point.
Time Checks
Ideally, reach halfway (~60 marks attempted) by about 75 minutes into the exam. That leaves another 75 minutes for the remaining marks and any review.
Presentation
Write legibly. If your handwriting is messy, slow down just a touch – better the examiner can read it. Use diagrams to support answers when appropriate (and label them).
Stay Positive: If you encounter a tough question, don't panic. Move on and come back later – other questions will likely boost your confidence again. Sometimes a later question jogs memory for an earlier one. Keep an optimistic mindset.
Exam-Day Reminders
Checklist
Bring all necessary tools (calculator with fresh batteries, pens that work, pencils). Know your centre number and candidate number to fill in.
Before Starting
Take 2 minutes to breathe deeply at your desk and skim the whole paper quickly. Identify where the big-mark questions are – mentally note to leave enough time for them.
During Exam
If your mind goes blank on a term, describe it (you may still get the mark). If you can't recall an exact number (say melting point of aluminium), an approximate but reasonable answer is better than none.
Ending
If you have time, re-read the question with your answer to ensure you answered exactly what was asked. For instance, if question asked "advantages and disadvantages", did you include both?
No Blank Space Wasted: If you genuinely cannot answer a question, write down any related facts you do recall. Sometimes a partial fact can get a mark (e.g. you forget the name of a process, but you write "It uses a mould to shape thermoplastic" – that might get partial credit for showing knowledge of method).
Pre-Exam Session –
Paper 2: Designing and Making Principles
1
Define "User-centered design" in one sentence
Designing with the end-user's needs and limitations as the main focus at every stage.
2
Name one key feature of the Art Deco design style
Bold geometric forms, sunburst motifs, use of luxurious materials.
3
How many sections are in Paper 2 and what are they?
Two sections – A: Product Analysis (30 marks), B: Commercial Manufacture (50 marks).
These quick questions refresh core concepts and exam info – answers to be discussed after 5 minutes.
Pre-Exam Session – Paper 2: Designing & Making Principles
Learning Objectives
Recap key concepts of the design process and making principles (from design methods to commercial production).
Understand the format and expectations of Paper 2, including Section A (product analysis) and Section B (designing/making in industry).
Work through a sample product analysis and discuss model answers for Section B extended questions.
Reinforce use of design terminology (AO4) and analytical/evaluative skills (AO3) to boost exam performance.
You will hopefully leave feeling confident about tackling both the short answer and essay questions in Paper 2.
Key Terms & Concepts Refresher
Iterative Design
A cyclic design process of prototyping, testing, analysing, and refining a product. Embrace making improvements at each iteration. (Design is rarely right first time – iteration leads to innovation.)
User-Centered Design
Keeping the end-user's needs, wants, and limitations at the forefront. Designers gather user feedback and ensure the product is intuitive and accessible. (Think: design with the user in mind – e.g. a peeler with a comfy grip for arthritis sufferers.)
Ergonomics
Designing for human comfort, safety, and efficiency. Consider user interaction – e.g. handle shapes fitting the hand, control knobs sized for fingers, reducing strain and error. Good ergonomics = product feels "right" to use.
Anthropometrics
The use of human body measurements (from databases or surveys) to inform design dimensions. E.g. knowing the 50th percentile reach of an adult to set a shelf height, or the 95th percentile hip width to size a seat. Use ranges (5th–95th percentile) to accommodate most people.
Inclusive Design
Designing products or environments to be usable by as many people as possible, regardless of age, ability, or circumstance. Examples: a microwave with both buttons and a dial (accessible to those with limited dexterity), color-blind-friendly graphic design, or adjustable features to suit different users.
Gallery
Design Process
Research & Investigation
Start with a design brief and specification. Conduct research – primary and secondary – to understand the problem context and existing solutions.
Idea Generation
Use creative techniques: brainstorming, sketching, mood boards, mind maps. Try morphological analysis or SCAMPER.
Development & Prototyping
Pick promising ideas and develop them. Combine the best features from different concepts. Create prototypes.
Testing & Evaluation
Test prototypes in conditions of use or with target users. Gather feedback: what works well, what doesn't?
Final Design & Manufacture Planning
Once satisfied, prepare final design documentation – detailed drawings or CAD, assembly instructions, parts lists.
Design Communication Techniques
Freehand Sketching
Fast, expressive drawings to get ideas on paper. Use shading or colour to indicate form or material roughly. Annotate these sketches with notes explaining features or materials – exam questions might ask you to sketch and label an idea for a design.
Technical Drawings
Orthographic projections (2D front/side/plan views with dimensions) – shows precise measurements and details; exploded views – show how parts fit together; circuit diagrams – for electronic design (use correct symbols).
CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
3D CAD models communicate form and allow virtual testing (e.g. assembly checks). Know the advantages: easy edits, can generate drawings from the model, can produce photorealistic renders to show clients, and files can go to CAM machines for manufacturing.
Presentation Boards & Renders: Used to communicate to a client – a high-quality rendered image or an illustrative 3D sketch of the final concept, often annotated and with swatches of materials. If asked about how to present a design to a client, mention using rendered images or physical appearance models.
Models and Prototypes: Communicate in 3D – e.g. foam models to show form ergonomics, 3D printed prototype to test function.
This overlaps with development, but is also a communication tool (helps stakeholders visualise the product).
Design Theory – Influences & Movements
1
Arts and Crafts
(c. 1880–1910)
Led by William Morris. Emphasised traditional craftsmanship, simple forms, and truth to materials (natural wood, floral motifs). Reaction against industrial mass production. Inspiration: Nature and medieval styles.
2
Bauhaus/Modernism
(c. 1919–1933)
"Form follows function." Embrace of industrial materials (steel, glass, concrete) and mass production techniques. Clean lines, geometric, no unnecessary ornament. Designers: Mies van der Rohe (Less is more), Marcel Breuer (tubular steel furniture).
3
Art Deco
(c. 1920s–1930s)
Glamorous and geometric. Symmetry, sunburst and zigzag motifs, bold outlines. Combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials (ebony, ivory, chrome). Think of the Chrysler Building spire, or luxury decorative pieces.
4
Post-Modernism & Memphis
(c. 1980s)
Reaction against Modernist simplicity. Memphis Group (Ettore Sottsass) used bright colours, whimsical shapes, and seemingly impractical forms as art statements. Emphasised playfulness and individuality.
Key Designers & Their Influence:
  • Dieter Rams: German designer (Braun) known for functionalist approach and timeless products. His 10 principles of good design are still cited – influenced Apple's Jonathan Ive among others.
  • Charles and Ray Eames: Pioneering mid-century designers (furniture, architecture). Blended craft and industrial processes (molded plywood chair, fibreglass shell chair).
  • James Dyson: British inventor/designer. Revolutionised vacuum cleaners (bagless dual-cyclone technology) – example of designing by solving a problem (no loss of suction) and using transparent materials for user appeal.
Section A – Product Analysis (Exam Strategy)
What to Expect
Section A will show you one or more product images (usually front/back or different angles).
There will be up to 6 questions (total ~30 marks) all about analysing these product(s).
This could include: naming materials or components, explaining why a feature is designed as it is, how the product is manufactured or assembled, ergonomic features, safety features, or identifying design principles at work.
Observation First
Take a minute to study the image(s). Note key features: materials (visible textures or common material choices for that product type), construction (screws? welds? seams?), moving parts or mechanisms, any user interface (buttons, handles), aesthetic elements (color, style cues).
Jot labels on the paper if it helps (the exam allows you to mark the question paper).
Answering Section A Qs:
  • Be specific. If asked "What material is Part X likely made from and why?", say for example: "Part X (handle) is made from polypropylene plastic because it's lightweight, has good impact resistance if dropped, and can be moulded into an ergonomic shape." That's material + why it suits that part.
  • Use the product context in explanations: e.g. "The lamp's base is wide and heavy (perhaps cast iron) to lower the centre of gravity, making it stable so it won't tip over easily." Always tie feature → purpose → benefit to user or performance.
  • For questions on function: describe how it works or fulfills a need. E.g. "The slots on the side are cooling vents – they dissipate heat from the motor, preventing overheating during use."
Section B – Commercial Manufacture
Scope
Section B (50 marks) will probe your understanding of how products are designed and manufactured in a commercial context, and possibly broader issues. Expect a mix: some short-answer questions (2–4 marks each) and a couple of extended-response questions (perhaps 8–12 marks) that might involve discussion or evaluation.
Topics to Review
Manufacturing Methods at Scale, Commercial Practices, Enterprise and Marketing, Sustainability & Ethics in Manufacture, Product Life Cycle.
Section B Strategy
Read the question carefully, especially for extended ones.
They often have multiple facets. e.g. "Discuss the advantages to a manufacturer of using CAD/CAM and how it might affect the workforce." This actually asks for two perspectives: manufacturer benefits and impact on workers – you'd need to address both for full marks.
Underline these facets to structure your answer.
Mark Scheme Insights (Paper 2)
Section A Marking
Each short answer usually corresponds to a bullet point in the mark scheme. For instance, if asked "Give two reasons the product uses aluminium," the mark scheme might list 4–5 acceptable reasons (lightweight, doesn't rust, easy to cast, etc.) – you need any two of those to get 2 marks. So writing three reasons hoping one is right won't fetch extra; give your best two distinct reasons. Quality over quantity.
Section B Marking
Extended answers often use level bands. To reach the top band, you should:
  • Address all parts of the question (breadth).
  • Provide depth in each point (not just a list – some explanation or example for each main idea).
  • Use technical vocabulary appropriately (AO4) and show logical reasoning or evaluation (AO3).
  • Possibly include a short case-study or example if relevant.
  • Write in a structured, coherent manner (clear paragraphs, maybe an intro/conclusion for 10+ mark questions).
AO Focus: Paper 2 combines AO4 (knowledge) and AO3 (analysis/evaluation). For product analysis (Section A) AO4 is key: you know facts about materials/processes to apply. For Section B, AO3 kicks in: you might have to weigh factors or justify decisions. The mark scheme will reward insightful points.Paper 2 Briefing –
Designing & Making Principles
Our aim for Paper 2:
Final recap of Paper 2 exam layout and tips.
Clarify Section A vs Section B approach, and boost your confidence in tackling design scenario questions.
Remember
This paper tests both your analytical eye (product analysis) and your broader understanding of design, manufacture, and business.
Be prepared to think on your feet with the product in front of you and to draw on your coursework/project experience for the design questions.
Exam Format & Timing
80
Total Marks
20% of A-level
90
Minutes
1 hour 30 minutes total
30
Section A Marks
Product Analysis
50
Section B Marks
Commercial Manufacture
Timing Guidance: About 30 min for Section A and 60 min for Section B. One strategy: after the first hour, you should be wrapping up Section B's big questions. Reserve last few minutes to check answers. Don't get bogged down on a single tricky short question – move on and return if possible.
No Optional Questions: Attempt every question. If unsure, write your best guess or reasoning – partial credit is possible.
Section A – Product Analysis Tips
Use the Visuals
The product image is your best friend. Scan for clues – materials (metal sheen vs plastic texture), fasteners (screws, clips), any labels or symbols (could indicate standards or power ratings), shape features (ergonomic curves, bevels, ribs for strength).
Be Concise & Relevant
Section A answers typically need only a few sentences. E.g. "Why is part X made of rubber?" → "It's made of rubber to provide insulation and grip, ensuring the user's hand doesn't slip and is protected from electric shock." That hits two points in two lines.
One Idea = One Mark
If a question is 2 marks, often they expect two distinct points or one developed point. Structure your answer to make them stand out (use of commas or linking word "because" helps show the cause-effect). Avoid giving the same reason twice in different words.
Improvements Questions
Use the formula Identify + Justify. Name your improvement, then immediately say how it benefits the product or user. "Add a second locking clasp on the lid (improvement) – this will make the container more secure and prevent the lid from popping open if dropped (justification)."
Don't Overlook Aesthetics: If the product has a distinctive style or colour, a question might be about its aesthetic or appeal. E.g. "Explain how the product's appearance caters to its target market." Mention design choices: color scheme, form, retro/modern look, etc., and why those would appeal.
Keywords for Design & Manufacturing
Design Process Terms
  • user needs
  • design brief
  • specification
  • brainstorming
  • prototyping
  • user testing
  • feedback
  • iterative improvement
  • ergonomics
  • anthropometric data
  • aesthetics
  • function vs form
Manufacturing & Industry
  • one-off
  • batch
  • mass production
  • automation
  • assembly line
  • CNC machining
  • injection moulding
  • tooling
  • quality control
  • tolerance
  • lean manufacturing
  • JIT (Just-In-Time)
  • Kaizen (continuous improvement)
Business & Marketing
  • target market
  • market research
  • branding
  • USP (Unique Selling Proposition)
  • cost-profit
  • economies of scale
  • life cycle (of product or sales)
  • patent
  • copyright
  • regulatory standards (CE mark, BSI)
Sustainability & Ethics
  • recycled materials
  • carbon footprint
  • cradle-to-cradle
  • renewable resources
  • fair trade
  • ethical sourcing
  • upcycling
  • energy efficiency
Use these terms appropriately to show you have a grasp of the whole picture. For instance, instead of saying "make production efficient", you might say "implement lean manufacturing principles to eliminate waste and improve efficiency."
Keywords for Design & Manufacturing
1. Design Process Terms
2. Manufacturing & Industry
3. Business & Marketing
4. Sustainability & Ethics
Tip for learners: Print each table, fold to hide the definitions, and quiz yourself on the keywords—or create digital flashcards using the same concise explanations.
Avoiding Pitfalls
Don't Just Describe – Analyse/Evaluate
For higher-mark questions, avoid simply narrating facts. Always link back to why it matters or with what result. If you find a paragraph of yours is just description (e.g. describing how a process works), add a sentence on "this is beneficial because…" or "however, this requires…". That moves it to analysis/evaluation territory.
Relevance, Relevance
It's great that you know about a certain machine or historic design, but make sure everything you write answers the question. If the question is on marketing a product, don't dive deep into how to injection-mould it – unless tying manufacturing capability to marketing (like ability to customise as a selling point). Stay on topic.
Section A Over-elaboration
Some students write too much for Section A answers. Remember, space given is a guide – if there are only 3 lines, they don't expect a whole essay. Stick to the key point. Extra writing can actually dilute your answer or introduce errors. For example, if asked for one reason or one feature, give one clear one; giving two might risk one being wrong.
Neat Diagrams
If a Section B question invites or allows a diagram (sometimes a "Describe" question about a process can be complemented with a sketch), make sure it's labeled. A well-labeled diagram can save writing time and convey understanding effectively – but it must be relevant and referenced in your answer (e.g. "(see diagram)").
Not Reading Command Words
Answer "Explain" with reasons, answer "Evaluate" with pros and cons + conclusion, answer "Describe" with details. If you mismatch (like just describing when asked to evaluate), you miss out on marks allocated for that skill. Keep an eye on those command terms – they're the clearest indicator of how to frame your answer.
Last Reminders
Use Your NEA Experience
You all completed a major project (Non-Exam Assessment).
Think about it – you went through research, designing, making, testing, evaluating. Many questions in Paper 2 mirror those steps.
Stay Calm Under "Unknown" Scenarios
If Section A presents a product you've never seen – don't worry.
Apply design principles: identify what it most likely is (based on clues) and use general knowledge.
Write Clearly
Clear handwriting, organised answers.
Examiners are human; if they struggle to read or follow your answer, it could inadvertently cost marks.
Timing Checkpoints
At 45 minutes in, you should be transitioning from
Section A to B or well into Section B. At 1h15min (15 min left), ideally finishing the last part of Section B.
Believe in Your Answers: If you've reasoned it out and it fits the question, it's likely a good answer. Don't second-guess too much. If you think of an alternative answer that also seems valid, and you have time, you can add it ("Alternatively, some designs use XYZ…") – it shows depth.
But only if time allows and it won't confuse your main answer.
Good Luck – Final Thoughts
1
You've developed a holistic understanding of design and technology
Now is your opportunity to demonstrate it.
2
Confidence is key
Go into the exam knowing that every problem has a logical solution rooted in the principles you've learned. If you stay calm and apply those principles, you will find the answers.
3
We are already proud of how far you've come
Do your best, manage your time, and show the examiners the insightful designer you are! Good luck on Paper 2 – you've got this! 🎉🙌
Bonus Materials
Material Groups Overview
Wood
Sub-Categories: Hardwoods, Softwoods, Engineered wood.
Key Properties: Natural grain, strength, thermal insulation.
Sustainability: Renewable if sourced sustainably.
Suitability: Furniture, interior fittings, decorative elements.
Metal
Sub-Categories: Ferrous, Non-ferrous, Precious metals.
Key Properties: High strength, conductivity, ductility.
Sustainability: Highly recyclable, but energy-intensive production.
Suitability: Structural components, precision engineering, industrial design.
Plastic
Sub-Categories: Thermoplastics, Thermosets, Bioplastics.
Key Properties: Lightweight, mouldable, customisable rigidity.
Sustainability: Challenges with biodegradability, bio-based alternatives emerging.
Suitability: Consumer products, packaging, complex geometries.
Textile
Sub-Categories: Natural fibres, Synthetic fibres, Blended materials.
Key Properties: Softness, flexibility, breathability.
Sustainability: Natural fibres are renewable, synthetic fibres less recyclable.
Suitability: Apparel, upholstery, technical fabrics.
Earth
Sub-Categories: Clay, Stone, Composite earth materials.
Key Properties: High compressive strength, natural thermal mass.
Sustainability: Abundant, low energy requirements for processing.
Suitability: Construction, landscaping, decorative elements.
Material Groups
WOOD
METAL
PLASTIC
TEXTILE
EARTH
New and Emerging Technologies
New and emerging technologies are constantly evolving, impacting our lives and work environments. Design technologists leverage scientific discoveries to create innovative materials and products. Technology fulfils human needs by advancing through skills like communication, design, innovation, modelling, and manufacturing. Designers and manufacturers utilise skilled people, tools, robots, and machines for efficient production. Understanding the impact of design and technology is crucial for sustainable practices that reduce energy consumption and environmental harm.
1
Communication
Advancements in digital communication technologies
2
Design and Innovation
New tools and processes for product development
3
Manufacturing
Integration of robotics and automation in production
4
Sustainability
Eco-friendly technologies and practices
Energy Generation and Storage
Renewable energy sources like wind, wave, tidal, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and solar energy are increasingly important. These natural, non-finite sources can be quickly replenished. Wind turbines convert kinetic energy from wind into electricity, while tidal power harnesses the movement of water to drive generators. Nuclear power, though not renewable, provides a significant portion of global electricity through fission reactions. Each energy source has its advantages and challenges in terms of efficiency, cost, and environmental impact.
Wind Power
Utilises wind turbines to generate electricity
Solar Energy
Converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells
Nuclear Power
Generates electricity through nuclear fission reactions
Developments in New Materials
Modern materials are new inventions or recently discovered substances that offer unique properties. These can include composite materials, technical textiles, and smart materials. For instance, graphene, discovered in 2004, is 200 times stronger than steel, highly conductive, and flexible. Titanium alloys are lightweight, tough, and corrosion-resistant, making them ideal for medical applications. are low-temperature, hand-mouldable polymers useful for modelling and prototyping.

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“There is amazing innovation going on in this industry – but there’s no programme to join it up.” CN is speaking to Lewis Blackwell, executive director of

Graphene
Ultra-strong, flexible, and conductive material with diverse applications
Titanium Alloys
Lightweight, durable materials ideal for medical and aerospace use
Smart Materials
Materials that change properties in response to external stimuli
Biodegradable Polymers
Environmentally friendly plastics derived from renewable sources
Systems Thinking
A systems approach in design involves analysing the entire structure and behaviour of a system. It considers inputs, processes, and outputs, as well as how different parts communicate and interact.
1
Input
Signals or data received by the system
2
Process
Computational or decision-making activity
3
Output
The reaction or product from the system
This approach is crucial for creating effective electronic systems, where inputs start a process leading to an output. Understanding the sequence from input through process to output helps in designing efficient systems. Schematic diagrams provide a representation of connections without showing the physical arrangement.
Environmental, Social and Economic Challenges
Design and technology must address various environmental, social, and economic challenges. This includes considering the impact of product lifecycles, sustainable manufacturing practices, and ethical sourcing of materials. Designers must balance innovation with responsibility, creating products that meet consumer needs while minimising negative impacts on the environment and society. Economic factors such as production costs, market demand, and global competition also play a crucial role in design decisions. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach to design and manufacturing.
1
2
Social Responsibility
Ensuring ethical production and positive societal impact
3
Economic Viability
Balancing costs with market demands and profitability
4
Innovation
Developing new solutions to address global challenges
Mechanical Devices
Mechanical devices are crucial components in many products, converting and transmitting motion and force. Key concepts include types of motion (linear, rotary, reciprocating, and oscillating) and mechanisms like levers, pulleys, and gears.
Pulleys and belts, for instance, can transmit rotary motion and force between shafts, providing mechanical advantage. Understanding these principles is essential for designing efficient and effective mechanical systems in various applications.
Gears
Transmit rotational motion and torque between shafts
Pulleys and Belts
Transfer power and motion between components
Levers
Multiply force or change its direction
Ergonomics and Anthropometrics
Ergonomics is the process of designing products and workplaces to fit the people who use them, improving human interaction and minimising the risk of injury.
Anthropometric data, which involves the study of human body measurements and proportions, is crucial in this process. Designers use this data to ensure products are comfortable, safe, and efficient for users.
For example, office furniture design considers factors like seat height, backrest support, and desk dimensions to promote good posture and reduce strain.
1
Body Measurements
Collecting data on human dimensions to inform design
2
Comfort and Safety
Ensuring products are comfortable and safe for users
3
Efficiency
Designing to improve user performance and reduce fatigue
4
Adaptability
Creating designs that accommodate a range of user sizes
Practical Development and Planning
Modelling and Testing
  • Create physical and CAD models of elements or the whole idea.
  • Take photos/screenshots from various angles and analyse the models.
  • Discuss their success, what you've learned, and how it affects your developed ideas.
Materials and Processes Research
  • Research potential materials and industrial processes for making your product.
  • Compare different materials, their properties, and suitability.
  • Explain chosen processes, how they work, and why you've selected them.
Components and Orthographic Drawing
  • Investigate pre-manufactured components, showing pictures, costs, and potential uses.
  • Create an orthographic drawing showing 3 views of the final product with main dimensions using third angle projection.
Cutting List and Manufacturing Plan
  • Produce a table outlining required materials and components with sizes and quantities.
  • Write a step-by-step manufacturing plan detailing processes, tools, materials, quality control checks, and contingency actions.